Skip to main content

Table 2 Adverse effects hypothetically linked to orthodontic interventions [24]

From: Spin in the reporting, interpretation, and extrapolation of adverse effects of orthodontic interventions: protocol for a cross-sectional study of systematic reviews

Subgroup

Description

Local adverse effects

 Dental

• Crown: decalcifications, decays, tooth wear, enamel cracks and fractures; discolorations, deterioration of prosthetic crown (as fracturing a ceramic one during debonding);

• Root: root resorption, early closure of root apex, ankylosis;

• Pulp: ischemia, pulpitis, necrosis;

 Periodontal

• Gingivitis, periodontitis, gingival recession or hypertrophy, alveolar bone loss, dehiscences, fenestrations, interdental fold, dark triangles;

 Temporomandibular joint

• Condylar resorption, temporomandibular dysfunction;

 Soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region

• Trauma (e.g., long archwires, headgear related), mucosal ulcerations or hyperplasia, chemical burns (e.g., etching related), thermal injuries (e.g., overheated burs), stomatitis, clumsy handling of dental instruments;

 Unsatisfactory treatment outcome

• Inadequate morpho-functional, aesthetic or functional final result, relapse, failure to complete treatment due to treatment dropout.

Systemic adverse effects

 Psychological

• Teasing, behavioral changes of patients and parents; discomfort associated with pain presence and aesthetic look discontents during orthodontic appliance usage;

 Gastro-intestinal

• Accidental swallowing of small parts of the orthodontic device (tubes, brackets);

 Allergies

• To nickel or latex;

 Cardiac

• Infective endocarditis;

 Chronic fatigue syndrome

 

 Cross infections

• From doctor to patient, patient to doctor, patient to patient.

  1. Permission to reproduce this table was obtained on August 16, 2018, from InTech’s Publishing Ethics and Legal Affairs Department