Subgroup | Description |
---|---|
Local adverse effects | |
Dental | • Crown: decalcifications, decays, tooth wear, enamel cracks and fractures; discolorations, deterioration of prosthetic crown (as fracturing a ceramic one during debonding); |
• Root: root resorption, early closure of root apex, ankylosis; | |
• Pulp: ischemia, pulpitis, necrosis; | |
Periodontal | • Gingivitis, periodontitis, gingival recession or hypertrophy, alveolar bone loss, dehiscences, fenestrations, interdental fold, dark triangles; |
Temporomandibular joint | • Condylar resorption, temporomandibular dysfunction; |
Soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region | • Trauma (e.g., long archwires, headgear related), mucosal ulcerations or hyperplasia, chemical burns (e.g., etching related), thermal injuries (e.g., overheated burs), stomatitis, clumsy handling of dental instruments; |
Unsatisfactory treatment outcome | • Inadequate morpho-functional, aesthetic or functional final result, relapse, failure to complete treatment due to treatment dropout. |
Systemic adverse effects | |
Psychological | • Teasing, behavioral changes of patients and parents; discomfort associated with pain presence and aesthetic look discontents during orthodontic appliance usage; |
Gastro-intestinal | • Accidental swallowing of small parts of the orthodontic device (tubes, brackets); |
Allergies | • To nickel or latex; |
Cardiac | • Infective endocarditis; |
Chronic fatigue syndrome | |
Cross infections | • From doctor to patient, patient to doctor, patient to patient. |