Table 3 Results of the main tests of adherence to Benford’s Law for five datasets of animal personality data (Figs. 2 and 3)
From: Investigating and preventing scientific misconduct using Benford’s Law
Article | Position, i | N | \({\upchi}_1^2\) | Ζ | \({\upchi}_{8\ or\ 9}^2\) | Reference | Figure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1063 | 12.53*** | −1.44 | 251.08*** | [41] | 2 (top) |
1 | 2 | 1063 | 9.64*** | 83.12*** | [41] | 2 (top) | |
2 | 1 | 1436 | 27.50*** | −2.13 | 297.06*** | [42] | 2 (bottom) |
2 | 2 | 1436 | 25.15*** | 60.89*** | [42] | 2 (bottom) | |
3 | 1 | 164 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 18.90* | [43] | 3 (top) |
3 | 2 | 164 | 0.24 | 9.45 | [43] | 3 (top) | |
4 | 1 | 316 | 0.93 | −0.39 | 8.41 | [44] | 3 (middle) |
4 | 2 | 316 | 0.10 | 11.29 | [44] | 3 (middle) | |
5 | 1 | 106 | 0.18 | − 0.17 | 9.05 | [45] | 3 (bottom) |
5 | 2 | 106 | 2.91 | 16.07 | [45] | 3 (bottom) |